1. Heating stage: In the early stage of composting, the microorganisms in the compost are mainly mesophilic and aerobic species, the most common of which are non-spore bacteria, spore bacteria and molds. They start the fermentation process of composting, vigorously decompose easily decomposable organic matter under aerobic conditions to generate large amounts of heat, and continuously increase the compost temperature from about 20°C to 40°C, which is called the heating stage.

2. High temperature stage: As the temperature rises, thermophilic microorganisms gradually replace mesophilic species and play a leading role. The temperature continues to rise, generally reaching more than 50°C within a few days, entering the high temperature stage. In the high temperature stage, thermophilic actinomycetes and thermophilic fungi become the main species. They strongly decompose the complex organic matter in the compost, heat accumulates, and the compost temperature rises to 60-80°C.

3. Cooling stage: When the high temperature stage lasts for a certain period of time, most of the cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin substances have been decomposed, leaving complex components that are difficult to decompose and newly formed humus. The activity of microorganisms weakens and the temperature gradually drops.When the temperature drops below 40℃, mesophilic microorganisms become the dominant species again.

4. Maturity and fertilizer preservation stage: After the compost is mature, the volume shrinks and the temperature drops to slightly higher than the air temperature. At this time, the compost should be compacted to create an anaerobic state, which weakens the mineralization of organic matter and is conducive to fertilizer preservation. The mineralization of compost organic matter can provide quick-acting nutrients for crops and microorganisms, provide energy for microbial activities, and prepare basic raw materials for the humification of compost organic matter.